আধুনিক প্রজনন প্রযুক্তিতে সারোগেসির (গর্ভাশয় ভাড়া) শরয়ী অবস্থান : একটি ফিকহী পর্যালোচনা| The Sharia Status of Surrogacy in Modern Reproductive Technology : A Jurisprudential Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58666/iab.v22i86.353Keywords:
Surrogacy, Hifz an-Nasl (Preservation of Lineage), Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART), Infertility, Bioethics, সারোগেসি (গর্ভাশয় ভাড়া), হিফজ আন-নাসল (বংশধারা সংরক্ষণ), সহায়ক প্রজনন প্রযুক্তি (ART), বন্ধ্যাত্ব এবং জৈব-নৈতিকতা (Bioethics)Abstract
A unique feature of the moral philosophy of Islamic Sharia is its capacity to provide independent and explicit solutions to the contemporary challenges of any era. At the core of this capacity lies Usul al-Fiqh (Principles of Islamic jurisprudence), the primary objective of which is to derive rulings for emerging issues in light of the foundational sources and principles of Sharia. The phenomenal advancements in modern medical science have, on one hand, brought about a revolutionary shift in reproductive technologies, while on the other hand, given rise to profound jurisprudential and ethical questions. Consequently, a comprehensive discussion regarding the Sharia compatibility of these innovations has become imperative among relevant scholars and researchers. One of the prominent and widely debated methods within modern assistive reproductive technologies is gestational surrogacy, wherein a woman carries a child in her womb for another couple, typically receiving a specified remuneration in return. Although medical science considers it an effective solution to infertility, it remains highly sensitive within the context of Islamic law. The primary objective of this research is to present a jurisprudential analysis of surrogacy and to delineate the boundaries of its validity and inadmissibility. The analysis derived from this study indicates that one of the core pillars of the objectives of Islamic law, or Maqasid al-Shariah, is the “preservation of lineage” (Hifz an-Nasl), which risks being compromised in many existing surrogacy procedures. For this reason, the majority of contemporary jurists (fuqaha) and fatwa boards deem this practice prohibited (haram). However, a diversity of opinion exists among Islamic legal scholars; while one group declares it strictly forbidden, another group has explored aspects of its permissibility within highly restricted parameters under exceptionally dire circumstances. This study rigorously reviews the various methods of surrogacy, the arguments presented against it, and the refutations of opposing views. This discourse will assist researchers and Islamic scholars in gaining a clear and holistic understanding of the diverse legal perspectives surrounding surrogacy.
সারসংক্ষেপ : ইসলামি শরিয়াহর নৈতিক দর্শনের অনন্য বৈশিষ্ট্য হলো, এটি যেকোনো যুগের সমসাময়িক চ্যালেঞ্জসমূহের স্বতন্ত্র ও সু¯পষ্ট সমাধান প্রদানে সক্ষম। এই সক্ষমতার মূলে রয়েছে উসূলুল ফিকহ বা ইসলামি আইনতত্ত্ব, যার প্রধান লক্ষ্য হলো শরিয়াহর মৌলিক উৎস ও নীতিমালার আলোকে উদ্ভূত নতুন সমস্যাবলির সমাধান নির্ণয় করা। আধুনিক চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানের অভাবনীয় অগ্রগতি একদিকে যেমন প্রজনন ব্যবস্থায় বৈপ্লবিক পরিবর্তন এনেছে, অন্যদিকে জন্ম দিয়েছে কিছু ফিকহী ও নৈতিক প্রশ্নের। ফলে সংশ্লিষ্ট চিন্তাশীল ও গবেষক মহলে এই উদ্ভাবনগুলোর শরয়ী গ্রহণযোগ্যতা নিয়ে ব্যাপক আলোচনার প্রয়োজন দেখা দিয়েছে। আধুনিক প্রজনন প্রযুক্তির একটি অন্যতম ও আলোচিত পদ্ধতি হলো গর্ভাশয় ভাড়া প্রদান বা সারোগেসি (ঝঁৎৎড়মধপু), যেখানে একজন নারী অন্য কোনো দম্পতির সন্তান গর্ভে ধারণ করেন এবং বিনিময়ে সাধারণত নির্দিষ্ট পারিশ্রমিক গ্রহণ করেন। চিকিৎসা বিজ্ঞানের দৃষ্টিতে এটি বন্ধ্যাত্ব সমস্যার একটি কার্যকর সমাধান হিসেবে বিবেচিত হলেও ইসলামি আইনের প্রেক্ষাপটে এটি অত্যন্ত সংবেদনশীল। এই গবেষণার মূল প্রতিপাদ্য হলো গর্ভাশয় ভাড়া প্রদানের একটি ফিকহী বিশ্লেষণ উপস্থাপন করা এবং এর বৈধতা ও অগ্রহণযোগ্যতার সীমা নিরূপণ করা। গবেষণালব্ধ বিশ্লেষণে দেখা যায় যে, ইসলামি আইনের লক্ষ্য বা ‘মাকাসিদুশ শরিয়াহ’-এর অন্যতম প্রধান স্তম্ভ হলো “বংশরক্ষা” (حفظ النسل), যা সারোগেসির বিদ্যমান অনেক প্রক্রিয়ায় লঙ্ঘিত হওয়ার আশঙ্কা থাকে। এ কারণে সমসাময়িক অধিকাংশ ফকিহ্ ও ফতোয়া বোর্ড এই পদ্ধতিকে নিষিদ্ধ (হারাম) বলে গণ্য করেছেন। তবে এ নিয়ে ইসলামি আইনবিদদের মধ্যে মতবৈচিত্র্যও বিদ্যমান; একদল এটিকে সরাসরি হারাম সাব্যস্ত করলেও অন্যদল বিশেষ জরুরি পরিস্থিতিতে অত্যন্ত সীমিত পরিসরে এর বৈধতার দিকগুলো অন্বেষণ করেছেন। অত্র গবেষণায় সারোগেসির বিভিন্ন পদ্ধতি, এর বিপক্ষে উপস্থাপিত যুক্তিসমূহ এবং বিপক্ষীয় মতের খ-নসমূহ নিবিড়ভাবে পর্যালোচনা করা হয়েছে। এই আলোচনা গবেষক ও ওলামায়ে কেরামের সামনে সারোগেসি সংক্রান্ত বিভিন্ন আইনি দৃষ্টিভঙ্গি সম্পর্কে একটি স্বচ্ছ ও সামগ্রিক ধারণা লাভে সহায়ক হবে।
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